Damage Conversion & "Gain as Extra"

Damage can then be converted or Path of Exile 2 Currency gained as extra types:
First, conversion from you buy POE 2 Orbs skill gems (e.g., Perfect Strike)
Then, conversion from gear or passive tree

Rule of Thumb: If total conversion exceeds 100%, the proportions are normalized.

2.3 Damage Multipliers

Increased or reduced values are additive
More/Less are multiplicative

2.4 Critical Hit

If the skill crits, Critical Multiplier is applied:
Default: +100% (i.e., 200% damage)
Enemy modifiers (e.g., Battle-hardened) can reduce this multiplier.

2.5 Damage is Rolled

Now the damage is rolled between Min and Max:
Lucky/Unlucky modifiers apply here, rolling twice for the best/worst result.
Lucky and Unlucky cancel each other out if both apply.

2.6 Double/Triple Damage

Calculated after roll.
Triple overrides Double if both trigger.

Step 3: Damage Taken As (Shifting)

At this stage, the game checks for Damage Taken As modifiers (aka "Damage Shifting"):
E.g., "40% of Physical Damage Taken As Fire"
Happens before mitigation
Removes the original damage type-so Penetration, for cheap POE 2 Currency instance, no longer applies

Important: Damage can only be shifted once.